What is meant by "latent function"?

Latent function refers to the unintended and unrecognized consequences of social processes or actions. In sociology, this concept was introduced by functionalist sociologist Robert K. Merton. He distinguished between manifest functions, which are intended and obvious, and latent functions, which are not immediately apparent.

For example, a school serves the manifest function of educating students; however, it also has latent functions such as the promotion of social networks, the development of social norms, and the reinforcement of social stratification. These latent functions may not be intended by the educational system but significantly affect society and individuals in various ways, contributing to the overall understanding of social structures.

Understanding latent functions is crucial, as it highlights the complexity of social interactions and indicates that not all social outcomes are straightforward or predictable, emphasizing the need for sociologists to look beyond surface-level observations.